The "old" familiar diseases of cholera and typhoid remain a serious health threat in many developing countries. Health policy analysis often argue that vaccination confers positive economic externalities on unvaccinated individuals. In 2004, we conducted a containgent valuation (CV) survey of 835 randomly selected adults from two neighborhoods in Kolkata, India to provide costs of a vaccination program, there could be sufficient demand for the vaccine so that coverage of the vaccinated population might ensure that all the remaining unvaccinated individuals would be protocted as well through indirect herd protection. (C) 2008 Elseiver Ltd. All rights reserved.